New therapeutic interventions might be possible through the restoration of the gut microbiome of individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 to mitigate systemic inflammation, intestinal damage, and limit the effects caused in the CNS through the brain-gut axis.Įarly and Late Stage of the Infection of SARS-CoV-2Ī multitude of epidemiological studies describe different phases in the development of COVID-19. This review will provide insights for microbiota modification therapy in the early stages of COVID-19, beyond antiviral and anti-inflammatory approaches. We will also explore the studies on microbiome profiling intestinal immune system in the patients with COVID-19. 8 The objective of this review article is to examine whether the SARS-CoV-2 infection linked to gastrointestinal changes, may be linked to specific phases of COVID-19 associated to inflammation. COVID-19 affects not only the respiratory and cardiovascular systems but also to the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal system. Asymptomatic people manage to eliminate the virus without developing typical COVID-19 symptoms, and this suggests to us that the immune system is relevant and may have the key to beat the coronavirus. 7 This silent transmission capacity is the main reason this virus continues to transmit and infect the global population in an accelerated and uncontrollable way, in spite of best efforts to control and curb spread. 6 Despite all this, asymptomatic COVID-19 positive individuals can spread the virus. 5 Unlike other viruses in the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2 infects people who then have little or no symptoms. This is based on the high transmission ability of the SARS-CoV-2 via large respiratory droplets 4 and by airborne routes. The immediate strategy to curb the spread of this virus has been to recommend that people carry out a “social vaccination,” which involves restricting social gatherings, minimizing public appearances, telecommuting, implementing social distancing, or wear masks as much as possible. Transmission, symptoms, vaccines, and treatments for COVID-19 continue to be investigated, hiding too many unknowns. 3 COVID-19 has been, and continues to be, the focus of concern in a society threatened by the most destructive pandemic since the 1918 flu. 2 Over the last 9 months, the global population has been facing problems that impact both world health and global socioeconomics. As of August 12, 2020, there are over 20 million confirmed cases worldwide, with more than 740,000 associated global deaths, according to Johns Hopkins University. 1 On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization determined that the outbreak of a novel coronavirus had reached pandemic levels. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also called 2019-nCoV, arose in the province of Wuhan (China) in December 2019. Elucidating changes to the microbiome as reliable biomarkers in the context of COVID-19 represent an overlooked piece of the disease puzzle and requires further investigation. Uncovering the composition of the microbiota and its metabolic products in the context of COVID-19 can help determine novel biomarkers of the disease and help identify new therapeutic targets. Thus, diagnosing gastrointestinal symptoms that precede respiratory problems during COVID-19 may be necessary for improved early detection and treatment. Intestinal dysfunction induces changes in intestinal microbes, and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. Also, SARS-CoV-2 can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain during the early phases of the disease. The severity of COVID-19 is typically combined with a set of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and/or advanced age that seriously exacerbates the consequences of the infection. Although most of the patients do not present symptoms or are mildly symptomatic, some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 that experience more severe multiorgan dysfunction. At the onset, SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system as it represents the main point of entry in the host, but it also can affect multiple organs. The consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are devastating and represent the current major public health issue across the globe. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the greatest worldwide pandemic since the 1918 flu.
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